 This is number 45 of the North Briton as originally published in April 1763. It's the issue that led to the arrest of John Wilkes, at the time a Member of Parliament, and his trial for seditious libel. In this issue, he criticised a speech by George III praising the Treaty of Paris which ended the Seven Years War – he said the treaty had ‘drawn the contempt of mankind on our wretched negotiators’. Wilkes was briefly imprisoned in the Tower of London. He successfully challenged the warrant for his arrest and the seizure of the paper – but in November 1763, the House of Commons resolved that issue 45 was indeed a seditious libel. Wilkes fled to Paris the following month and remained in Europe for four years. He returned from exile in 1768. He was arrested but from his prison cell secured re-election as an MP and as an Alderman of London with the cry ‘Wilkes and Liberty’. He is renowned as a champion of a free press and as an advocate of political reform. Here are all six pages of this issue of the North Briton in its original folio format. I have a political tract relating to the trial of another radical reformer, John Lilburne, which - from the inscription (here it is below) - was presented to Wilkes just as he was fending off his critics and prosecutors. I've written about the history of the book.  I now suspect that the inscription is in Wilkes's own hand. As you can see, there's a marked similarity in handwriting between the inscription and Wilkes's signature, this example of the latter (below) is from 1768 -  The final words of the offending issue of the North Briton read: ‘FREEDOM is the English Subjects PREROGATIVE.’ Well said, John Wilkes.
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 This is Andy Slovak in his Aladdin's cave of a bookshop - praise (from me) doesn't come much higher than that - in the Norfolk seaside town of Cromer. Much Binding (that's what the bookshop was called - a riff on the venerated radio comedy 'Much Binding in the Marsh') has, sadly, closed for good. But Andy very kindly allowed me in yesterday to have a last, lingering browse of his shelves and boxes. It was my third and final visit to Much Binding - I blogged about my last visit four years ago. Much joy was had. And a fair bit of dosh spent.
Andy's shop was unusual in stocking quite a lot of odd copies of left and radical papers and journals. Just up my street! I was delighted to find a few copies of the Black Power paper The Hustler, published in Notting Hill from 1968.  Black Dwarf was perhaps the best political paper of that era, and some of the covers featured striking drawings by the rapier-like Ralph Steadman - recognise Harold Wilson here?  Tariq Ali and other IMGers on Black Dwarf broke away to set up Red Mole, not as good a paper but again the iconography is interesting:  And who wouldn't love a copy of the International Times with the Furry Freak Brothers on the cover (this is from 1970):  Andy also had some runs of old anarchist papers in French and Spanish - I picked up a couple of copies of an Argentine anarchist publication from the 1920s:  And yes, I did buy a fair few pamphlets and handbills too. That's for another blog.  In the shop window, something quite remarkable ... and beautiful,. A hand-painted Bengali election banner. (No I didn't buy it!) Amazing what you could come across at Much Binding by the Sea!
 It's the iconography which makes old political papers, pamphlets and ephemera so interesting. The Church Socialist was not in the first rank of political journals. But what a charming cover design, which featured on every issue of this monthly, or bi-monthly, for several years.  The Church Socialist was published from 1912 to 1921, the journal of the Church Socialist League. And the cover design? There's no acknowledgement and it's not signed - but am I imagining it, or is there a trace of Walter Crane in the composition?  Many years ago, I bought a batch of the Church Socialist as part of an auction lot. I have a few to spare. If you would like one, let me know.
And if you can tell me who designed the cover, I'll add that information to this post,  Well, this is a gem and a half! The Miners' Next Step, published by a group of left-wing miners in South Wales, is probably the most important expression of the revolutionary syndicalist movement which was of real influence in the years just before the First World War. One of the principal authors was Noah Ablett, born in the Rhondda, who attended the trade union-linked Ruskin College at Oxford. He was also a founder memebr of the Plebs League. Ablett was working at Mardy colliery in 1911 when he helped to found the Unofficial Reform Committee, which espoused a more aggressive form of trade unionism, advocating a minimum wage and eventual miners' control of the collieries. The back of the pamphlet promotes left-wing literature, including the journal of the Plebs League. (In case you were wondering where I got this pamphlet, it was on sale at a stall run by the Marx Memorial Library at a gathering about radical bookshops. This was a duplicate copy in the library's holdings.)   A May Day visit today to a second-hand book sale at the Marx Memorial Library on Clerkenwell Green, where I came across four wonderful political song books. The most interesting is People's Parodies, published in 1938. The parodies were the work of Rufus Hogg - which might have been a pseudonym for Randall Swingler - with illustrations by the Daily Worker cartoonist, Gabriel. This sort of thing -  I can't imagine the parodies were much sung - but they do raise a smile  And the striking orange cover has a Gabriel drawing of Neville Chamberlain being done over by Mr Punch - who's a pretty boy, then!  
This pocket size song book was designed to be taken on the march - it seems to be linked to the Topic Records LP ( remember them!) 'Songs Against the Bomb', released in 1960. The cover design - by Kit Cooper - is a clever riff on the CND peace symbol in the form of a note on a musical stave. It was published by John Foreman, who styled himself 'the Broadsheet King'. The pamphlet features all sorts of songs, including the work of Pete Seeger, Peggy Seeger, Ewan MacColl and Sydney Carter.  'The H Bomb's Thunder' became the unofficial Aldermaston anthem - written by John Brunner, who went on to achieve fame as a writer of science fiction. Don't know it? Here it is - Some of the songs were stirring, tunes to stride to - others were more reflective, such as Sydney Carter's 'The Crow on the Cradle' ...  ... which happily is still being sung, not least by the magical Lady Maisery - This slender pamphlet finds space for other songs of protest and of salvation - and the inclusion of so many songs written for the post-war peace movement gives this selection a very different feel from the socialist songbooks of the time. And these songs were sung!   This is a wonderful reminder of one of Britain's less well known Official Secrets trials. It's from 1958 - the height of the Cold War. The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament had just been established, and the first Aldermaston march against nuclear weapons took place in April that year. This pamphlet - well, more a leaflet - was published (at one remove) by one of the main titles of the emerging New Left, Universities & Left Review. It reprinted an article from the Oxford student magazine Isis of February 1958 which revealed the dubious tactics that Britain's armed forces used against the Soviet bloc and to ensure the effectiveness of their signals intelligence. The article makes interesting reading -   The leaflet was published by the ULR Club, and the address given appears to be that of Raphael Samuel, one of the founders of Universities & Left Review.
A pencilled note on the leaflet reads: 'Postgraduate students were jailed for this.' And that seems to be true - two students were indeed locked up. The picture agency Shutterstock has online a photo taken on 21st May 1958 with the caption: 'Paul Richard Thompson (l) And William Miller (r) - Two Oxford Undergraduates Charged Under The Official Secrets Act With Communicating Secret Information Following An Article In The Undergraduate Magazine "Isis".'' Another photo of the pair dates from two months later. According to an obituary of William Miller - who went on to become a successful editor, publisher and literary agent - the two men were sentenced to three months in jail with the specific proviso that this should be served in a low security open jail. In other words, the judge reckoned that while there had been a breach of the Official Secrets Act, it was a nuisance rather than a threat to national security. The other defendant, Paul Thompson, appears to be the distinguished sociologist and oral historian of that name. He was certainly a student at Oxford at the time and - more tellingly - had studied Russian in the navy during his National Service.  Major John Cartwright (1740-1824) was one of the most prominent and persistent advocates of Parliamentary Reform in the late eighteenth century and through to the Regency era. This pamphlet was published two years before the Peterloo massacre - Cartwright had been expected to attend that Reform gathering in Manchester but in the end didn't.  Cartwright was born into privilege and was eccentric and unbiddable as well as deeply principled. He was a very early British advocate of American independence, and that's - as well as his advocacy of Reform - is what he's celebrated for in the statue of in Cartwright Gardens (he lived and died nearby on what was then Burton Crescent) in Bloomsbury.
 In this pamphlet, Cartwright advocates universal male suffrage, equal electoral districts and annual Parliaments and secret polling (though not the use of a paper ballot). It's a very detailed and prescriptive proposal, and he goes so far as to sketch the lay-out of a polling station (quite a change from the open hustings then common in Parliamentary elections).  If you want to know more about the nature of the Reform Cartwright had in mind, here's the abstract he provided:    
There is something magical about pamphlets and political ephemera from the era of the English Civil War. This is a really wonderful six-page tract from the run-up to the breach between King and Parliament which led to war and eventually the execution of Charles I in 1649. John Pym was a champion of the Parliamentary cause and an opponent or arbitrary rule. He was one of the five MPs whose attempted arrest in Parliament in 1642 led directly to civil war. As you can see, this pamphlet is from the previous year - June 1641 to be precise. Pym here addresses his demands to Charles, calling for the King to disband his army, give his assent to disputed bills and to remove Catholics from the queen's retinue. It also calls for the king to guarantee the safety of Pym and his family. John Pym died in 1643, probably from cancer, and didn't see the full depths of the turmoil into which the nation plunged.      There's a 'lockdown' on - but that doesn't mean giving up. Indeed, it's a time to turn to passions and enthusiasms for intellectual sustenance - as well as helping family, friends and community through the pandemic. I've just got hold of one of the key political documents of the nineteenth century. It's simply a twelve-page pamphlet - but it both was the first recognisable party election manifesto and is regarded as the founding document of modern Conservatism. Sir Robert Peel wrote the 'Tamworth Manifesto' - here's the full text - as a statement of his views to his Parliamentary constituents in December 1834. But it was also intended for much wider circulation. It appeared in the papers and the pamphlet was widely circulated. Two years earlier, a Whig government led by Earl Grey had seen the Great Reform Bill - the first big measure of Parliamentary reform - through to the statute book. Towards the end of 1834, King William IV dismissed the Whig government and invited Sir Robert Peel to form a Tory administration. Inconveniently for all concerned, Peel was in Rome at the time and the Tory diehard the Duke of Wellington served as acting prime minister for a couple of weeks. Once back, Peel installed his cabinet but also sought a dissolution of Parliament and fresh elections. The Tamworth manifesto was designed to present his views - and so that of any future administration he led - to the country, particularly on the great issue of Reform which most Tories had opposed.  In the crucial passage of the manifesto, Peel declared: 'I consider the Reform Bill a final and irrevocable settlement of a great constitutional question - a settlement which no friend to the peace and welfare of this country would attempt to disturb, either by direct or insidious means'. Peel was making clear that he had no wish to turn the clock back and undo the measure of Parliamentary reform so recently, and controversially, introduced. He also expressed what some might see as the key principles of progressive Conservatism. He was content to abide by the spirit of Reform if that meant simply 'a careful review of institutions, civil and ecclesiastical, undertaken in a friendly temper, combining, with the firm maintenance of established rights, the correction of proved abuses, and the redress of real grievances' but he also made clear that he had no sympathy with a process of reform that 'meant we are to live in a perpetual vortex of agitation'. That just about sums up modern Conservatism. Peel's Tories emerged as the largest Parliamentary group in the election of January 1835 but they were well short of an overall majority. His administration lasted just three months. In 1841 Peel regained power and presided over a notably reforming Conservative administration which culminated in his decision to repeal the Corn Laws, so splitting his party and relegating it to the opposition benches for a generation. If Peel is remembered above all for dividing his party, he also deserves to be recalled for setting down in a few simple sentences its lasting approach to political and constitutional change.  |
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