ANDREW WHITEHEAD
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Andrew Whitehead:
Partition Voices

Partition Voices

Over the past twenty years or more, I have conducted scores of interviews with people with personal stories to tell of Partition - the botched division of British India in August 1947 to created two independent nations, India and Pakistan. It produced one of the great tragedies of a deeply tragic century - at least half-a-million dead, ten million or more migrants, and the rupture of a symbiotic culture, most notably in Punjab.

The tapes of my interviews are  held at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. They have now been made available digitally, here's the link:
https://digital.soas.ac.uk/oa3/all

I will in time post more details of the interviews on this site. Many were used in a radio series I made in 1997, India: a people partitioned - the audio of those programmes is available online and on BBC iplayer. The historian Yasmin Khan also made excellent use of some of the material in her book The Great Partition. The interviews relating to Kashmir in 1947 provide the foundation of my own book A Mission in Kashmir.

​I have also posted quite a number of my Partition related interviews on YouTube - here's the Partition Voices playlist. The audio of a few of the interviews is posted lower down this page.
​

Remembering Partition

In August 2017 - seventy years after Partition - I was invited to talk at the National Army Museum in London about 'Remembering Partition', and included extracts from a few of the interviews I had conducted. The talk is now on YouTube:


​Partition Voices: Khushwant Singh

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Khushwant Singh (1915 - 2014) was about the last of India's independence generation. He knew many of the key figures (Jinnah was chief guest at his wedding in Delhi in 1939) - he attended India's independence celebrations - he witnessed some of the partition violence - and in the novel Train to Pakistan, he was among the first to bear witness in literary form to the rupture and trauma of Partition.

I spoke to Khushwant Singh in December 1996 about his memories of 1947. He was a marvellous raconteur, and spoke tellingly about seeing Lahore going up in flames, and his sense of guilt at not being able to do anything to prevent the communal carnage.

He travelled by road in early August 1947 out of what was about to become Pakistan. As he was approaching Delhi, he came across a group of armed Sikhs who spoke chillingly about eliminating Muslims in their area.
 

Train to Pakistan, Khushwant Singh told me, was set in a village - in the novel he called it Mano Majra - close to Lahore which he used to visit as a lawyer when he was representing in a murder case. 'It was a very enchanting village, largely Sikh owned with a few Muslim families. And that gave me the characters, the description of the village, and I located it along the river bank'. He talked of the models for the magistrate and for the communist in the novel (this latter was Danial Latifi, who I also interviewed). The central figure, he said, was 'based on my own Sikh servant, a boy of eighteen or nineteen, a very strapping young fellow, who couldn't care a damn about Pakistan'.

And he spoke tellingly of his approach to writing the novel: 'I deliberately made myself into a pro-Muslim, because I thought all this had come about because of the venom we storied in our bodies against Muslims.'


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Khushwant Singh, February 1915 - March 2014 - photo from Penguin India website


Partition Voices: Khorshed Italia

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Photo: Rosalind Miller
Of all the interviews with people who lived through Partition, it's the memories of a friend's mother which I recall most acutely. This photograph is of my friend Shernaz (Shenny) Italia and her mother Khorshed Italia (nee Mehta). Mrs Italia lived almost all her life in a top floor flat in Connaught Place in the centre of Delhi. In 1947, she was a volunteer worker at Lady Hardinge Hospital, helping women refugees as they flooded in from Punjab, many of them alone and in profound shock. ​That interview is a deeply moving account of the trauma of Partition, and the violence inflicted on the region's women - and also an uplifting story of the way in which some found the strength to help those most in need.

I have deposited the recordings and some transcripts of my Partition interviews at the archive of the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. There have been three deposits, the first two are briefly described here (scroll down). I have posted below over five pages a very basic listing of the contents of the first deposit - the full listing including partial transcripts runs to 334 pages and is held along with the tapes at SOAS. The second deposit in 2000 was much smaller - and the listing is also posted below. SOAS has a much more detailed 36 page list and transcripts of these recordings. The final deposit, made in 2009, is posted at the end of this page, and SOAS holds 255 page list with transcripts of these interviews and items. 


Khorshed Italia's memories feature in the radio series India: a people partitioned which sparked my interest in retrieving the memories of those who lived through Partition. There's a partial transcript of her remarks here.​


​Partition Voices: Amrita Pritam

.
Amrita Pritam captured in the poem 'An Ode to Waris Shah the suffering of Punjabi women at the time of Partition. I interviewed her in Delhi in May 1997 - she talked about writing that poem on a train journey from Lahore to Dehra Dun in the aftermath of Partition. She also spoke of the women abducted at Partition and of the children they bore to unknown fathers. It was a short interview, just fifteen minutes, but powerful and deeply emotional. 'I'm sorry, it is so painful to remember', she declared.
Picture
Amrita Pritam in 1948
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Amrita Pritam
In the radio series for which I interviewed Amrita Pritam, the third programme 'The Tearing of the Veil' begins with extracts from this conversation along with a musical rendition . The audio of that series is available elsewhere on this site. Amritra Pritam died in 2005 at the age of 86.


Partition Voices: Shingara Singh

Picture
Photo: Rosalind Miller
Another unsettling Partition interview - for a very different reason. Shingara Singh was one of a handful of people I spoke to who showed no remorse for the violence he had perpetrated in 1947. He lived in Sultanwind, a village on the outskirts of Amritsar in Indian Punjab. He was a Jat Sikh, an old style patriarch, as Rosalind Miller's photograph shows - taken at the time of the interview in 1997. When we came to talk to him (I was accompanied by Asit Jolly who arranged the interview and translated to and from Punjabi) he was sitting in a charpoi in a wheat field he owned in the nearby village of Rampura, overseeing a group of labourers who were fitting a new tube well.

By his own account, Shingara Singh was born at the close of the nineteenth century, and was already engaged to be married at the time of the Jalianwala Bagh massacre in Amritrsar in 1919. When he died in June 2009, he was described as the last survivor of the massacre.

The interview I have posted here includes Shingara Singh's memories of Jalianawala Bagh, but the focus is on the anti-Muslim gang he was involved in at Partition, 'the crows'. He told me he had kept the best of his swords from that time, but they had been taken away in a police raid - it seems that some of Shingara Singh's extended family were caught up in the Khalistan movement.


Partition Voices: Gopal 'Patha' Mukherjee

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Gopal Mukherjee - photo from wikipedia
Gopal 'Patha' Mukherjee was a goonda, a thug, who was part of Calcutta's underworld. He was also, in 1946-47, one of the key figures in the communal violence and retaliation which tore the city apart. 
By the time I met him in 1997 - accompanied by Nazes Afroz, who also translated to and from Bengali - he was old and frail, and by his own account aged 83. He died a few years later.

He had a house near Wellington Square, and we met in an adjoining room, which also served as a clinic for Mukherjee's rather grandly named NGO, the National Relief Centre for Destitutes. On the walls were garlanded black-and-white photos of Bengal's finest, but the commanding feature of the room was a life size model of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in uniform.

Mukherjee, a Hindu, talked openly about his role in street violence at the time of Partition, and was proud of refusing to surrender any weapons to Gandhi. He explained that his nickname of 'Patha', goat, came from the family meat shop on College Street.

I wrote a newspaper article back in 1997 based on my interviews with Mukherjee and others who lived through the Great Calcutta Killings of 1946 - it's available on the web  - and there's also a wiki article about Gopal 'Patha' Mukherjee, which has further references.

There's an entry on him in Suranjan Das and Jayanata K. Ray, The Goondas: towards a reconstruction of the Calcutta underworld (Calcutta, 1996), which says of him: 'Gopal was 5 feet 4 inches in height, wore long hairs like ladies, sported a moustache and long beards. He was a leader of leaders in the underworld. Gopal organised a big Resistance Group during the communal riot of 1946. Subsequently, during the 1950s, he and his underlings committed a large number of crimes, including dacoities. ...'


Partition Voices: Inder Kumar Gujral

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I.K. Gujral (1919-2012) was India's Prime Minister, and twice served as foreign minister. He was a kind and thoughtful politician, his dove-ish views of relations with Pakistan forged by his painful personal experience of Partition. 'It makes me more human and it makes me more compassionate. And it makes me look at people in Pakistan as kin and not as enemies.'

I interviewed him in March 1997, while he was foreign minister, about his memories of Partition. He was brought up in Jhelum, which became part of Pakistan, into a nationalist family and was active in politics even before he reached his teens. In the course of 1947, he was in Lahore and later Karachi. He attended meetings of Pakistan's Constituent Assembly, of which his father was a member, and on Pakistan's independence day saw Jinnah and Mountbatten in procession through Karachi.

An upsurge of rioting in Karachi prompted the family to move to Delhi. His father was involved in helping retrieve abducted women. At least one child in his extended family was lost amid the Partition mayhem - but survived, and crossed over to India many years later. Mark Tully's obituary of I.K. Gujral in the Guardian is an excellent introduction to his life and career.

I have also posted the radio series India: a people partitioned which prompted me to record memories of those who lived through Partition and includes the voices of many of those I interviewed.​


Partition Voices - 1


INDIA: A PEOPLE PARTITIONED
a guide to the interview tapes: 83 audio cassettes
​
The original audio cassettes are deposited at the SOAS archive, as mentioned above, along with notes, and partial and abridged transcripts of the interviews running to more than 300 pages. The content has been made digitally available: here's the link. 

TAPE    SIDE        DATE                    INTERVIEWEES                     MAIN TOPICS   

1            A+B        17 Feb 1995         M. Farooqui                            Communist Party   
2            A            17 June 1995        Alys Faiz                                Partition violence; Faiz
                                                                                                           Faiz: Audio posted
3            A            22 Sept 1995        Danial Latifi                           Communist Party; Muslim League
              B            23 Dec 1996         Danial Latifi (later i/v)          Jinnah; Muslim League; Communism
4            B                                           Danial Latifi (cont)                Telangana uprising


            RECORDINGS IN PAKISTAN
5           A+B         11 Oct 1995          Alys Faiz                                  Communism; Partition; Faiz
                                                                                                             Faiz 2: Audio posted

6           A              25 Sept 1995      Nasreen Azhar                       Violence in Simla
             B              26 Sept 1995      Mushahid Hussain                 Pakistan's view of partition
7           A+B          1 Oct 1995          Jamaluddin Naqvi                  Communism; Pak left; muhajirs 
8           A              11 Oct 1995         Amjad Hussain                       Lahore


9           A              15 Nov 1995        Gopal Das Khosla                  Lahore; independence day; Netaji
10         A               2 Feb 1996         Satyindra Singh                      Bombay naval mutiny; Sikhs
11         A               4 July 1996         Ram Advani                             Lahore; refugees
                                                                                                              Ram Advani: audio posted

             B               2 Jan 1997          Danial Latifi                              'Train to Pakistan'; communism
12        A                5 July 1996         Shantanu Ray                          Great Calcutta Killing
13        A                5 July 1996         Shantanu Ray                          Great Calcutta Killing
14        A+B            11 July 1996       M.M. Khanna                            Army; Kashmir conflict
15        A+B            1 Aug 1996         Quarrutulain Hyder                Escaping Dehra Dun; new Pakistan
16        A                 14 Aug 1996      Kuldip Nayar                           Fleeing Pakistan
                                                                                                              Nayar Aug 96: Audio posted
17        A+B             9 Sept 1996       Bhisham Sahni                       Well deaths; refugee trains; independence
                                                                                                              Sahni: Audio and transcript posted

18        A                 16 Oct 1996       Ashok Mitra                             East Bengal; Jinnah; language movement
19        A                 29 Oct 1996       Kuldip Nayar                           Refugees on the move; Jinnah
                                                                                                              Nayar Oct 96: Audio posted


            RECORDINGS AT AND AROUND THE BORDER 
20        A                 5 Nov 1996       Recordings at Wagah            Border
                               5 Nov 1996        Kuldip Nayar                            Partition refugee experience 
                                                                                                              Nayar Nov 96: Audio posted
            B                 7 Nov 1996        Recordings at Sialkot             Kuldip Nayar
21        A                 8 Nov 1996        Arif Nizami                               Kuldip Nayar


22        A                 11 Dec 1996      Jack Jacob                               Bangladesh War
            B                 13 Dec 1996      Shashi Bhushan                      Bihar
23        A                 20 Dec 1996     Nusli Wadia                             Jinnah
            B                 20 Dec 1996     Recordings at Bombay          Jinnah
24        A+B             30 Dec 1996     Khushwant Singh                    Lahore; Jinnah; independence
                                                                                                               Khushwant Singh: Audio posted  



            RECORDINGS IN KARACHI
25        B                                           Temple recordings                   Karachi Hindus
            B+A                                        Khubchand Bhatia                   Karachi hindus
26        A                                            Niaz Ahmed Madani                Muhajirs
            B                                            Wedding recption                    Divided families
27        A                                            Ghazi Salahuddin                     Muhajirs; Pakistani identity
            B                                            Ishtiaq Azhar                             Muhajirs
28        A                                            Ishtiaq Azhar (cont)                  Migration from India
            A+B                                        Abdus Sattar Afghani              Karachi; Pakistan's nation building
            B                                            Babar Ayaz                                Muhajirs

​
29        A+B                                        Krishna Baldev Vaid               Dinga riots
                                                                                                              Vaid: Audio and transcript posted

30        A+B                                        K.R. Malkani                             Sindh; RSS; refugees
31        A+B                                        Khorshed Italia                        Rape victims; Delhi riots
                                                                                                              Italia: Audio posted

32        A+B                                        Sailen Chatterjee                    Gandhi; Noakhali; Calcutta
                                                                                                              Chatterjee: Audio posted

33        A                                            Sheela Sahni                            Refugee resettlement
            B                                            Saroj Pachauri                          Rawalpindi
34        A                                            Shanti Sehgal                          Fleeing from west Punjab
35        A                                            Edward Behr                           Peshawar rioting; Pathans; army
                                                                                                              Behr: Audio posted
            B                                            Abid Zaidi                                 Delhi Muslims; refugees
36        A+B                                        Harbahksh Singh                   Fighting in Kashmir; army


            RECORDINGS IN INDIAN KASHMIR
37        A                                            Jamma Masjid recordings     Kashmir
            A+B                                        Soofi Ghulam Moh'd               Kashmir
            B                                            G.M. Sherwani                          Kashmir raiders
            B                                            Inayatullah                                Muslim League
38        A                                            Inayatullah (cont)                    Kashmir; tribal raiders; Jinnah
            B                                            Sister Emilia                              Kashmir raiders
            B                                            Noor Mohammed                    Kashmir     
39        A                                            Ghulam Mohuddin                  Kashmir
            A+B                                        Abdul Ghani Lone                   Kashmir; Sheikh Abdullah
                                                                                                               Lone: audio posted   

            B                                            Mohammed Amin                    Kashmir


40        A                                            L.K. Advani                              Karachi; Sindh; partition legacy   
                                                                                                             L.K. Advani: Audio posted   

41        A                                            Ajit Bhattacharjea                   Kashmir airlift; Sheikh Abdullah
            B                                            H.S. Surjeet                              Punjab; Communist Party; refugees
                                                                                                             Surjeet: Audio posted
42        A                                                   Sahabzada Yaqub Khan        Army; founding Pakistan; Jinnah; Nehru
            B                                            I.K. Gujral                                  Punjab; Lahore; women; legacy of partition

                                                                                                             Gujral: Audio posted


            RECORDINGS IN INDIAN PUNJAB  
43        A                                            A.C. Jolly                                Punjab; partition violence
            A                                            H.S. Puri                                 Lahore; trains; partition violence
            A                                            Rajeshwari Jolly                   Gurdaspur; abducted women   
            A                                            Mrs Hardeep Puri                Amritsar
            B                                            B.L. Dutt                                 Lahore; RSS; women
            B                                            Brig. Dhillon                          Lahore; refugee convoys
44        A                                            Brig. Dhillon (cont)              Retrieving abducted women
            A                                            A.S. Bakshi                            Refugee convoys; violence
            B                                            Mrs A. Bakshi                       Amritsar
            B                                            Virender Mendiratta           Lahore
            B                                            P.S. Narang                           Refugee life
            B                                            Veena Kumari                      Refugees in east Punjab
45        A                                            Gurdial Singh                       Policing Lahore; Amritsar; refugees   
            A+B                                        Sarla Agnihotri                     Refugee convoys      
46        A                                            Kharaiti Lal                           Retrieving abducted women
            A                                            H.S. Nirman                          Faridkot
            B                                            Jamsher village                   East Punjabi Muslims
47        A                                            Dadwal village                     Partition violence; harijans
            A + B                                      Gandhi Vanita Ashram        Women; partition violence
48        A                                            M.S. Nirankari                       Amritsar; trains
            A                                            Shingara Singh                     Anti-Muslim violence
                                                                                                           Shingara Singh: Audio posted

            B                                            Amritsar recordings             Refugee resettlement
            B                                            Gandhi Vanita Ashram        Women
49        A                                            Malar Kotla recordings       Muslims in East Punjab
50        A                                            Yashpaul Vaid                      Dinga riots


            RECORDINGS IN LUCKNOW AND MAHMUDABAD
51        A                                           Aizaz Rasul                            Muslim League; Jinnah; migration; UP
                                                                                                          Rasul: Audio posted

            B                                           Danish Mahal recording      Urdu  
            B                                           Muzaffar Ali                            Lucknow culture; Urdu
52        A                                           Shakeel Ahmed                    UP Muslims
            A                                           Akhtar Jehan                         Urdu: UP Muslims
52        A + B                                     S.M. Jaffar                              Congress Muslims; Muslim League
            B                                           Madeen Mian                        UP Muslims
53        A                                           Madeen Mian (cont)             UP Muslims  
            A + B                                     Mahmudabad recordings   UP Muslims; migration; divided families
54        A + B                                     Mahmudabad (cont)            Divided families; effects of partition
            B                                           Aizaz Rasul                             Muslims and partition 
                                                                                                           
Rasul: Audio posted


55        A                                            Ved Marwah                         Peshawar
            B                                            Urvashi Butalia                    Women
56        A                                            Abdul Jabbar                       Divided families


            RECORDINGS IN PAKISTAN
57        A                                            Sardar Qayum                   Kashmir fighting; tribal raiders
            B                                            H.K. Burki                            Lahore; leaving east Punjab; muhajirs
                                                                                                        Burki: audio posted 

58        A                                            Altaf Gauhar                       Lahore; Muslim identity
            B                                            Zawwar Zaidi                      UP Muslim League; Jinnah
59        A                                            Thoha Khalsa recordings  Well deaths
            A + B                                      Dinga recordings                Dinga riot; Hindus in west Punjab
60        A                                            Fahim Mazhar                     Amrita Pritam
            A + B                                      I.A. Rehman                          Aligarh; violence in Haryana
            B                                            Rao Abid Hamid                  UP; Pakistani identity; Pakistan army
61        A                                            Nighat Said Khan                Violence against women
            A + B                                      Alipur Sayyaidam rec         Partition riots
62        A + B                                      Maskhoor Hussein              Surviving partition massacre  
            B                                            Zakia Hamid Jalal                Manto
63        A + B                                      Lahore recordings               Refugees; divided families
            B                                            Jaffar Hasan                          Migration; divided families


            RECORDINGS IN BANGLADESH
64        A                                            C.R. Dutta                            Minorities; migration
            A                                            Teddy Rozario                    Great Calcutta Killing
            B                                            Arun Dutta Gupta               Noakhali
            B                                            Chatkhil recordings            Noakhali riots; Gandhi
65        A + B                                      Chatkhil rec (cont)             Noakhali riots; Gandhi; migration
            B                                            Neezbaur recordings         Gandhi in Noakhali
66        A + B                                      Gandhi Ashram, Jayag      Gandhi; Noakhali riots
            B                                            Gopalpur recordings          Great Calcutta Killing; Noakhali
67        A                                            Gopalpur rec (cont)            Noakhali riots; east Bengali Hindus
            B                                            M.A. Chowdhury                  Gandhi in Noakhali
            B                                            Paral Guha                            Noakhali riots
68        A                                            Paral Guha (cont)                Noakhali riots
            A + B                                      Kalim Sharifi                         Communists; Great Calcutta Killing
            B                                            Abol Hussain                        Great Calcutta Killing; Bangladesh
69        A + B                                      Salahuddin Ahmed             Calcutta; Noakhali; Gandhi; Jinnah
            B                                            Hamida Khan                       Great Calcutta Killing
            B                                            Shaukat Osman                   Legacy of partition
70        A                                            G.G. Ajmiri                             Calcutta; Muslim League
                                                                                                           Ajmiri: audio posted 

            A + B                                      Badruddin Umar                  Great Calcutta Killing     
            B                                            Afifa Haq                                Social work in Calcutta
            B                                            Lyla Murshed                        Divided Bengal
71        A                                            Jahanara Karim                     Great Calcutta Killing  
            B                                            Nazimuddin Hashim            Great Calcutta Killing
                                                                                                           Hashim: audio posted



            RECORDINGS IN CALCUTTA
72        A                                            S.K. Bhatacharjee                Calcutta; police; criminal gangs
            A + B                                      Jugal Ghosh                         Calcutta; criminal gangs; Gandhi  
                                                                                                          Ghosh: audio posted

73        A                                            Sisir Mitra                              Calcutta; Communists; trade unions
            B                                            Abdul Mannan                     Calcutta; Communists
            B                                            J.N. Bannerjee                      Calcutta; police; criminal gangs
74        A                                            Ashoka Gupta                       Noakhali; Gandhi; women
                                                                                                           Gupta: audio posted

            B                                            Sheila Sen Gupta                 Retrieving abducted women
                                                                                                           Sengupta: audio posted

            B                                            Gopal Mukherjee                 Calcutta; criminal gangs
75        A + B                                      Gopal Mukherjee (cont)      Calcutta; criminal gangs; Gandhi
                                                                                                           Mukherjee: audio posted

            B                                            Ajit Bose                                 Calcutta; Communists; trade unions
76        A                                            Rashid ul-Hussain                Great Calcutta Killing
            B                                            Annada Shankar Ray            Dividing Bengal
                                                                                                            Ray: audio posted

            B                                            Jolly Kaul                                Calcutta; Communists; trade unions
                                                                                                            Kaul: audio posted

77        A + B                                      Jadavpur recordings            Migration; refugees; divided Bengal


78        A                                            Farooq Abdullah                   Kashmir; Sheikh Abdullah
            B                                            Karan Singh                           Kashmir; accession to India
79        A                                            Anusuya Das                         Lahore; Delhi refugee camps
            B                                            Amrita Pritam                        Lahore; women of Punjab; abduction  
                                                                                                            Pritam: Audio posted
80        A + B                                      Bir Bahadur Singh                Thoha Khalsa
                                                                                                            Bir Bahadur Singh: Audio posted

            A + B                                      Bhola Singh                           Thoha Khalsa
            B                                            Basant Kaur                           Thoha Khalsa
81        A                                            Basant Kaur (cont)                Thoha Khalsa
                                                                                                            Basant Kaur: Audio posted

82        A                                            Urvashi Butalia                      Thoha Khalsa
            A + B                                      T. Khalsa memorial mtg       Thoha Khalsa; Sikhs    
83        A + B                                      Sheila Sen Gupta                  Retrieving abducted women; Bengal
                                                                                                             Sengupta 2: audio posted  
 


Partition Voices 2

INDIA: A PEOPLE PARTITIONED
a guide to the additional interview tapes: a further 6 audio cassettes


The original audio cassettes are deposited at the SOAS archive, as mentioned above, along with notes, and partial and abridged transcripts.


84        A                                            Benazir Bhutto                    Ind-Pak relations
                                                                                                          Bhutto: audio posted 
85        A                                            Umar Farooq                      Kashmir conflict
86        A                                            Niaz Naik                             Ind-Pak relations
            A                                            Abdullah Muntazer            Kashmir militancy
            B                                            General K.M. Arif                 Ind-Pak relations
87        A                                            Tanvir Ahmed Khan            Ind-Pak relations
            B                                            Roedad Khan                       Ind-Pak relations
88        A                                            Recordings at Muridke      Kashmir militancy 
            B                                            Sanjeev Sharma                  Kandahar hijack
89        A                                            I.K. Gujral                              Ind-Pak relations
            A                                            Shekhar Gupta                    Lahore process
            A                                            Bharat Verma                       Ind-Pak relations
 


Partition Voices 3

47 further audio CDs, most with transcripts, of interviews relating to the Partition of India in 1947 and to events in Kashmir in that year 

Deposited at the S.O.A.S. archive in London by Andrew Whitehead in May 2009 

Available for consultation from 1st May 2012, or earlier than that date with the express written consent of Andrew Whitehead [email protected] 

In 1997, I compiled and presented a series of five radio programmes on the BBC World Service entitled ‘India: a people partitioned’. This was a social and oral history of the trauma of Partition as experienced by those across south Asia, and I was in the privileged position to be able to travel widely to conduct interviews and gather material. I deposited in the SOAS archive 83 audio cassettes of interviews, along with partial transcripts and notes and copies of the programmes as broadcast. 

The series was repeated in 2000, and to update the last programme in the series I conducted several further interviews and six more cassettes, numbered sequentially (that is, tapes 84 to 89), were also deposited at SOAS.

I
 am delighted by the use that has been made of this resource, most notably by Yasmin Khan in her book The Great Partition.

This further deposit consists of 47 audio CDs with further interview material relating to Partition and to events in Kashmir in 1947. These fall into three categories:

·        a few interviews conducted in the 1990s which, for whatever reason, were not included in earlier deposits
·        interviews relating to the invasion of Kashmir in October 1947 conducted as part of the research for my book A Mission in Kashmir which was published in India by Viking Penguin in November 2007. Some of this material was also used in a Radio 4 programme ‘An Incident in Kashmir’ which is also included in the deposit.
·        a late burst of interviews conducted in 2006-7 while living in Delhi with those with first-hand memories of Partition, with a ‘Partition Voices’ book and project in mind

There are also a few interviews conducted since moving back to Britain in the summer of 2007. 

In all cases, those interviewed knew that their words were likely to be in the public domain. There was no concealed recording and no concealed purpose. Some interviews were conducted on my behalf by colleagues, and I would like to acknowledge their kindness and professionalism. In all such cases, the name of the interviewer is included in the notes that follow.

Most of the transcripts were made by me to help in the making of programmes and the writing of my book on Kashmir. They are not flawless, and they should not be takes as a full and authoritative record. 

I am happy for brief written extracts from these interviews, that is up to 50 words, to be published subject only to proper acknowledgement. The publication of longer extracts, or the broadcast in any form (including on the internet) of any of the audio on these CDs, requires my advance written approval. Copyright of the radio programme included in this deposit rests of course with the BBC. 

Andrew Whitehead                                                         London, May 2009

CD-1 Anima Dasgupta   

Anima Dasgupta speaking at the London home of her friend Ralph Russell about memories of Communist activism in Bihar and Calcutta during the Ranadive period of the 1940s.
Recorded London, 24 June 1992 - 17:41   Audio posted

No transcript.


CD-2  Sir Peter Scott   

Sir Peter Scott on working at the Viceroy's office 1946-7. Recorded by Clare Jenkins.      
Recorded U.K., 22 July 1996 - 45:24  Audio posted

Partial transcript.   
       

CD-3  Sir Ian Scott       

Sir Ian Scott on working for the Viceroy in run up to independence. Recorded by Clare Jenkins     
Recorded Suffolk, 24 August 1996 - 46:26    Audio posted

Partial transcript.   


CD-4  Mrs Kapoor and Mrs K. Tukraal  

Mrs Kapoor and Mrs K. Tukraal in Hindi on personal memories of 47 
Recorded by Anuradha Awasthi in Nizamuddin East, Delhi, ? 1997 – 39:51   

No transcript.
         

CD-5  Vishwanath Mathur    

V. Mathur aged 85 (died June 2004), born Bihar, active in revolutionary groups in 30s, jailed in cellular jail in Andamans, became a communist there, founder member of CPI in Bihar in 39 (sd later spent 18 yrs in UK working for CPGB; still mbr of CPI)
Recorded Delhi, 10 Sept 1998 – 53:17

No transcript.
                  

CD-6  Bapsi Sidhwa     

Bapsi Sidhwa by phone on 'Ice Candy Man' and film version 'Earth'    
Recorded by phone 26 April 1999 – 6:28

No transcript.
                  

CD-7  Bapsi Sidhwa and Urvashi Butalia

Bapsi Sidhwa and Urvashi Butalia (both Delhi) in discussion with AW in London. This formed the basis for an abridged transcript published in History Workshop Journal, 50, 2000.  
Recorded 4 January 2000 – 29:06  Audio posted

No transcript.    
                  

CD-8  Sam Manekshaw         

Sam Manekshaw interviewed by Bhavna Kumar about his memories of Tom Dykes, a fellow officer in the 1930s
Recorded Delhi, July 2000 – 32:33

Partial  transcript.  
                  

CD-9  Tom Dykes        

Tom Dykes Jr interviewed by Bhavna Kumar about his memories of the attack on the Baramulla convent and his parents’ death 
Recorded Johannesburg, 22 January 2001 – 31:05  

Partial transcript.
                  

CD-10  Sardar Abdul Qayum Khan

Sardar Abdul Qayum Khan talking about the current situation in Kashmir and his memories of and reflections on 1947
Recorded Muzaffarabad, 6 April 2001 – 27:46

Partial transcript.
                  

CD-11  Baramulla convent    

Baramulla convent: Sisiter Emilia, Dr Melanie, , location recordings, and snatches of the Easter Sunday service in the mission chapel  
Recorded Baramulla, 15 April 2001- 38:21   

Partial transcript.
 

CD-12 Frank Leeson    

Frank Leeson his role in the evacuation of the Baramulla convent in Nov 1947 and more generally about the Frontier tribes and Kashmir 
Recorded Worthing, 20 June 2001- 45:44  Audio posted

Partial transcript.
                  

CD-13  Lt Col Patric Emerson        

Lt Col Patric Emerson of the Indian Army Association on his memories of Kashmir in 47 
Recorded Kingston, 31 Jan 2001 – 33:18

Partial transcript.
                  

CD-14 Tom Dykes 2

Tom Dykes Jr interviewed at his brother's home outside London on his memories of the attack on the Baramulla conventand his parent’ death
Recorded Dorking, 26 June 2001 – 20:23

Transcript          
         

CD-15  General Stanley Menezes

General Stanley Menezes of the Indian Army interviewed at the National Army Museum about Baramulla and Kashmir in 1947 
Recorded London, 5 October 2001 – 44:35 

Partial transcript.
                  

CD-16  Father Gerry Dunne

Father Gerry Dunne on talking at St Joseph's College, Mill Hill - by Fr Shanks's grave, at the 'rogues' gallery' photo boards – mainly about Shanks
Recorded Mill Hill, 19 April 2002 – 26:12     

Partial transcript.
                  

CD-17  Major Ben and Marguerite Suter

Major Ben and Marguerite Suter on Tom and Biddy Dykes
Recorded Surrey, 4 August 2002 – 49:54  Audio posted
​

Transcript.
         

CD-18 Brigadier Kuldip Chadha    

Brigadier Kuldip Chadha talking about his service with the Frontier Force in Kashmir from 28 Oct 1947, supportive of 'Bogey' Sen       
Recorded Hounslow, 19 July 2002 – 32:21

No transcript.
                            

CD-19 Angela Aranha            

Angela Aranha (nee Barretto) interviewed by Charles Haviland about her memories of the attack on the Baramulla convent in which her father was killed
Recorded Bangalore, 8 Feb 2003 – 1:00:53  Audio posted 

Transcript.
                  

CD-20  D.N. Kaul

D.N. Kaul a police officer in Srinagar in 1947 and a Kashmiri Pandit on policing and Kashmir in 1947 
Recorded Delhi, 29 April 2003 – 37:12  Audio posted

Partial transcript.
       

CD-21 Karan Singh      

Karan Singh was the teenaged crown prince in 1947 - talking about his memories of that time.    
Recorded Delhi, 29 April 2003 – 18:10  Audio posted

Partial transcript.
                  

CD-22 Bali family

Anoop Singh Bali, Gunwant Kaur Bali (in Urdu) and Randir Singh Bali on Sikhs' experience of the 1947 invasion in Baramulla
Recorded Baramulla, 1 May 2003 – 49:42   Audio and transcript posted  

Partial transcript.
         

CD-23 Father Jim Borst        

Father Jim Borst MHM on what he has heard about events in Baramulla in 1947      
Recorded Srinagar, 1 May 2003  - 10:10

Transcript.
         

CD-24  Sheikh Ghulam Mohammed         

Sheikh Ghulam Mohammed on childhood memories of the 1947 invasion
Recorded Baramulla, 1 May 2003 – 22:10


Partial transcript.
                  

CD-25 Mohammed Asadullah Malik        

Malik in Urdu, in a village beyond Baramulla, talking about childhood memories of 1947
Recorded Zandfaran near Baramulla, 1 May 2003 – 14:20

Interview notes only.
 

CD-26 Farooq Abdullah        

Farooq Abdullah, former Chief Minister and son of Sheikh Abdullah, on memories of 47  
Recorded Srinagar, 1 May 2003 – 28:28

Transcript.
         

CD-27 Baramulla convent 2003/1   

Sister Emilia; being shown round by a Keralite nun; location recordings; including a moving singing of grace by the nuns in the convent refectory
Recorded Baramulla, 2 May 2003 – 1:08:59 


Partial transcript.
                

CD-28 Baramulla convent 2003/2   

Continued - with Sister Rosy Joseph on Sister Emilia and the events of October 1947
Recorded Baramulla, 2 May 2003 – 20:44              

Partial transcript.
         

CD-29 Sardar Sherbaz Khan Mazari       

Sherbaz Khan Mazari  about going to support the 'liberation' of Kashmir only to find that the lashkar was looting and raping – simulrec, only answers audible
Recorded phone simulrec to Karachi, 12 May 2003 – 16:30       

Transcript.
         

CD-30 Khan Shah Afridi        

Khan Shah Afridi talking in Pashto to Haroon Rashid about his role in the lashkar of 1947 - with Haroon's translation
Recorded Mattni near Peshawar, May 2003   - 14:59

Transcript.
 

CD-31 Leela Thompson         

Leela Thompson, nee Pasricha, about Baramulla and Srinagar in the autumn of 1947      
Recorded Boothbay Harbour, Maine, 12 October 2003  - 1:14:45  Audio and transcript posted

Transcript.   
         

CD-32 Inder Cheema   

Inder Cheema on his childhood memories of  Baramulla - also involving a conversation with his mother, Leela Thompson
Recorded Southport Island, Maine, 13 October 2003 – 19:53

Transcript.   
         

CD-33  Sat Paul Sahni 

Sat Paul Sahni, a junior journalist in 47, on his memories of that time and the reporting of the Kashmir conflict
Recorded Jammu, 27 March 2005- 1:15:17  Audio and transcript posted

Transcript.
         

CD-34 Harshi Anand    

Mrs Harshi Anand, nee Kashyap, on Srinagar in 1947 as the raiders advanced, including the militia
Recorded Delhi, 25 May 2005 – 19:03

Partial transcript.
         

CD-35 Francis Rath

Dr Francis Rath, a survivor of the raid on the Baramulla convent, talking about his memories of that and linked events
Recorded Baramulla, 8 Sept 2006- 34:31   Audio and transcript posted    

Transcript.
                  

CD-36 Pran Nath Jalali

Pran Nath Jalali on Kashmir in 1947 - Quit Kashmir, pro-NC movement in Kashmir, role of Communists, and of the NC-aligned militia.  
Recorded Delhi, 30 March 2007 - 1:20:36     Audio and transcript posted

Transcript.
         

CD-37 K.S. and Ayesha Duggal      

The writer K.S. Duggal talking about Partition, his memories and its role in his writing - and his wife, Ayesha, talking about her time as a doctor working with abducted Muslim women in Jallandhar post-47
Recorded Delhi, 8 April 2007 – 43:49    Audio posted

No transcript.
                  

CD-38 Raj and Indu Mahajan        

Mrs Raj Mahajan, eldest daughter of M.C. Mahajan, and her own daughter Indu Mahajan talking about M.C. Mahajan and 1947
Recorded Delhi, 9 April 2007 – 33:59 

No transcript.      
         

CD-39 Pran Nath Jalali 2      

More on role of CP in Kashmir nationalist movement, jail on independence day, militia, and identifying militia members in pamphlet photo.
Recorded Delhi, 11 April 2007 – 35:23  Audio and transcript posted         

Transcript.
                  

CD-40 Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh     

Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh, born in Lyallpur and in charge of the Ambala flying training station in 1947, on Partition. Audio and transcript posted

Recorded Delhi, 18 April 2007 – 36:44        
Partial transcript.
         

CD-41  Pran Chopra    

Pran Chopra's personal memories of Partition and independence, including a brief visit to Kashmir and memories of the Bedis
Recorded Delhi, 18 April 2007 – 34:22  Audio posted

No transcript.                 
         

CD-42 Krishna and Mohan Lal Misri      

Krishna and Mohan Lal Misri talking about Srinagar in 47 and esp the NC militia and women's self-defence corps - and identifying people on Kashmir pamphlet cover.
Recorded Faridabad, 26 May 2007 – 1:09:36

Transcript.
         

CD-43 Krishna and Mohan Lal Misri 2   

A second interview with the Misris about Kashmir in 1947
Recorded Faridabad, 12 June 2007 – 30:37

No transcript.        
         

CD-44 Betty Keyes       

Betty Keyes, an Anglo-Indian, talking about her life and her personal incidental memories of Partition
Recorded Calcutta, 1 June 2007- 25:25  Audio and partial posted

Partial transcript.
         

CD-45 Mahmooda Ahmed Ali Shah and Sajida Malik

Mehmooda Ahmed Ali Shah and Sajida Zameer Ahmed (nee Malik) talking about Kashmir in 47 and particularly the CP and women's self-defence corps.   
Recorded Srinagar, 18 June 2007 – 54:46      Audio and transcript posted

Transcript.
         

CD-46 Helen Baldwin   

Helen Baldwin (nee Pratt) talking about time as armed forces welfare officer in Lahore, 1945-47  
Recorded Bournemouth 28 July 2008 – 25:27  Audio and transcript posted

Transcript.
                  

CD-47 Usha Khanna    

Usha Khanna (nee Kashyap) about her personal memories of Kashmir in 47 and involvement in the left, its cultural front and the militia
Recorded by phone to Mumbai, 31 August 2008 – 22:12  Audio and transcript posted

Transcript.
 

CD of Radio 4 programme ‘An Incident in Kashmir’, compiled and presented by Andrew Whitehead – broadcast August 2003.  Audio posted

[ENDS]       
                 

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